• Sedation is near-universal, and propofol is the drug of choice.

    Pun et al. 2021,Lancet Respiratory Medicine

    What: across 69 ICUs and 2,088 ventilated patients, 71% received propofol, typically for a week, and the median patient was deeply sedated.
    Why it matters: propofol is used at huge scale, and patients still sit in deep sedation despite guidance.

    Soliman et al. 2001, British Journal of Anaesthesia

    What: a survey of 647 intensive care doctors in 16 European countries showed wide national differences in which sedatives were used and how.
    Why it matters: sedation practice is driven by habit and local culture, not by measurement.

    Carrasco et al. 1993, Chest

    What: propofol kept patients at the target sedation level more of the time than midazolam, with faster and more predictable recovery.


    Why it matters: propofol’s predictability is why it became the standard agent, and why its blood level is meaningful to measure.

    Andrade et al. 2021, Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva

    What: compared with midazolam, propofol shortened ICU stay by about 48 hours and ventilation by about 22 hours, and saved roughly US$3,000 per patient.
    Why it matters: propofol has the strongest economic case, so managing it well matters most.